This article concerns the Universal Century faction. For their Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin counterpart, see Earth Federation Forces (Origin). For the Advanced Generation faction, see Earth Federation Forces (Advanced Generation). The Earth Federation Forces (地球連邦軍 Chikyuu Renpougun?, abbreviated as E.F.F.) are the military branch of the Earth Federation government in the Universal Century timeline.
History[]
Early History[]
Like the Earth Federation, the origin of the Earth Federation Forces predates the Universal Century. By some accounts, it was formed from the United Nations Forces in A.D. 2009.[1] Compared to the former United Nations Forces, the EFF was given far more power, allowing the Earth Federation government to respond to regional conflicts and natural disasters far more efficiently.[2]
The deployment of EFF to regional conflicts continued into the Universal Century. However, after the Earth Federation declared the eradication of conflicts on Earth in U.C. 0022, these conflicts began reducing in scale. In response, the Earth Federation Forces began a gradual reduction of armaments.[2]
At this point, the EFF was made up of only three branches: Ground Force, Navy and Air Force. Even as space colonization expanded the Federation's territory into space, the EFF did not create a space force.[2]
Creation of the Space Force[]
By the U.C. 0040s, however, Spacenoids - second generation space immigrants - began increasingly demanding autonomy. In response, the Federation government founded the Earth Federation Space Force (EFSF) in the U.C. 0050s. In U.C. 0058, in response to Side 3's declaration of independence as the Republic of Zeon, the EFF initiated the 60s Military Armament Enhancement Plan, a plan to reorganize the entire EFF with the Space Force at its center.[2]
As part of this plan, two new military organizations were formed, the Department of Space Force and the Department of Earth Force, with the latter in charge of the Ground Force, the Navy and the Air Force. Since the development of new space colonies was frozen at the time, the Space Force was given a massive budget. In addition, since current-duty military officials were able to become assemblymen in the Federation assembly, a political faction derisively nicknamed "Federation warlords" began arising within the Federation government.[2]
Even though the Republic of Zeon was used to justify this expansion of military power, the Republic of Zeon's military power was far too weak for a war with the Federation. In addition, the Republic's founder Zeon Zum Deikun sought to obtain independence and autonomy through diplomatic means. It was believed that the true goal for the creation and enhancement of the EFSF was to enhance the Federation garrison in colonies and increase the political pressure on all Sides.[2]
Prelude to War[]
In U.C. 0069, the Repbulic of Zeon transformed into the Principality of Zeon. Due to the increased tension with Zeon, the Federation assembly approved the budget for the 70s Military Armament Enhancement Plan.[2]
The rise of the Principality was a pleasant surprise for the EFF leadership. The military-industrial complex was invaluable in the enhancement of the Space Force, and the increased threat from Zeon allowed them to increase pleasure on the assembly. The economic boosting effect of war was most effective when war does not actually oocur. As the military expanded, old products would have to replaced with new ones after a certain amount of time, just as the military industry hoped. However, if this state continued for too long, there would be those who question the expansion of the military, so for the military-industrial complex, the best case scenario would be for small scale conflicts to break out at certain times. Therefore, they believed the Principality's increasing militarization and intervention in small scale conflicts was a great opportunity for them.[2]
Meanwhile, the EFF leadership did not actually expect Zeon to declare war on them, believing that their powerful Space Force could effortlessly crush Zeon within a short time, and that Zeon would not start a war that they could not have won.[2]
One Year War[]
Main article: One Year War In U.C. 0079, the Principality of Zeon declared war on the Earth Federation. Due to Zeon's use of new tactics and weapons, including mobile suits, Minovsky particle interference, and even the use of a space colony as a projectile, the Earth Federation Forces was completely caught by surprise and suffered massive casualties in the early stage of the war. To make matters worse, General Johann Abraham Revil was captured during the disastrous Battle of Loum.
Under the effects of Minovsky particle interference, guided weapons and computer-based fire-control systems were rendered useless, leaving the Federation space fleets helpless against Zeon's mobile suits. Following General Revil's rescue and the Antarctic Treaty, Zeon began their Earth Landing Operations. As the battlefield shifted to Earth, the Federation Ground Force found their communications severed by Minovsky particle interference and their guided weapons similarly unusable, causing them to lose large swaths of territory to Zeon's Earth Attack Force.
However, the tide of the war began shifting as the Federation began its mobile suit development program: the RX Project and Operation V. The 13th Autonomous Corps, which carried three Operation V prototype mobile suits back to Earth, not only collected valuable combat data for the future development of mobile suits, but managed to kill Garma Zabi, commander of the Earth Attack Force, throwing Zeon forces on Earth into chaos. Taking advantage of Garma's death, the Federation Ground Force launched Operation Odessa, a large-scale European counteroffensive, which ended up recapturing the single largest Zeon base on Earth, shifting the battlefield into space.
Following the loss of Odessa, Zeon launched a last-ditch attack on the EFF headquarters at Jaburo after Zeon ace pilot Char Aznable discovered its secret entrance. However, the attack was repelled, allowing the EFF to launch its space counteroffensive. Soon after, the Earth Federation Space Force captured the Zeon space fortress Solomon and renamed it "Confeito", using it as a staging point for the next phase of the counteroffensive.
Prior to the Battle of A Baoa Qu, Zeon wiped out a third of the Federation attack force using the super weapon Solar Ray, killing General Revil. Though the Federation won the battle and took A Baoa Qu, it was too exhausted to launch the planned offensives against Granada and the Zeon homeland. Ultimately, on January 1, U.C. 0080, the Earth Federation and the Republic of Zeon signed the Granada Treaty, ending the war.
Post-war Era[]
Main article: Delaz Conflict Following the Federation victory in the One Year War, the EFF leadership maintained semi-wartime readiness in the Earth Sphere, using the presence of Zeon Remnants as justification. During this period, the EFF's influence within the Federation government grew to the point where civilian control of the military was crumbling.
Within the EFF, a power struggle began growing between the reformist faction led by Vice Admiral John Cowen and the conservative faction led by Admiral Gene Coliny. In order to defeat the reformist faction, Coliny decided to use Operation Stardust, a large-scale counteroffensive plan by the Zeon Remnants group Delaz Fleet, to his advantage. Using his powers, Coliny interefered with Cowen's attempts to stop Operation Stardust while having his subordinate Bask Om stand by in Earth orbit with the 1st Earth Orbital Fleet and the superweapon Solar System II.
When the Delaz Fleet began the final phase of Operation Stardust - a colony drop on Earth - the 1st Earth Orbital Fleet attempted to destroy the colony using the Solar System II. Unexpectedly, the Solar System II control ship was destroyed by Delaz Fleet ace pilot Anavel Gato, allowing the colony drop to succeed in falling onto North America, the Federation's food production center.
In the aftermath of what was later known as the Delaz Conflict, the colony drop was covered up as an accident during transportation, and the conservative faction used the Delaz Fleet's actions as an excuse to call for the formation of the Titans, an elite branch of the EFF dedicated to hunting down Zeon Remnants. The Titans was founded with Coliny's backing by Jamitov Hymen, Coliny' right hand.
Gryps War[]
Main article: Gryps Conflict
First Neo Zeon War[]
Main article: First Neo Zeon War
Second Neo Zeon War[]
Main article: Second Neo Zeon War
Laplace Incident[]
Main article: Laplace Incident
Branches[]
Earth Federation Ground Force (E.F.G.F.)[]
Also known as the Earth Federation Army (E.F. Army). Prior to the One Year War, the command of the Earth Federation Ground Force was highly centralized. All important decisions, such as staff management and supplies distribution, were all managed by the general headquarters at Jaburo. However, when Zeon invaded Earth, their use of Minovsky Particles rendered the Federation's communication lines unusable, causing many units to be isolated and destroyed.[3]
With Minovsky Particles restricting combat to within visual range, the EFGF's main battle tank, the Type 61 Tank quickly proved unable to match Zeon's mobile suits, with its advanced data link system and electronics rendered ineffective.[4] As the development of mobile suits was difficult in the short term, the EFGF developed a stop-gap measure: the M-101A3 Regina, an Anti-Mobile Suit Missile (AMSM) designed to be carried and used by specialist squads known as Anti-MS Squads.[5] Though their casualty rates were high, they were able to buy valuable time for friendly units to retreat and regroup.[6]
As Zeon controlled territory continued to expand, the Earth Federation Forces began development of the RX-79[G] Gundam Ground Type, with the EFGF leading the development.[7] The Gundam Ground Type was constructed in very limited numbers and deployed to regions close to Zeon territory in order to check their aggression.[8] Later, the RGM-79[G] GM Ground Type, a simplified version of the Gundam Ground Type, was also developed.[9] In July, U.C. 0079, the Earth Federation Forces Far Eastern Army created the 1st Mechanized Composite Battalion (commonly known as "Kojima Batallion"), its first mobile suit-equipped battalion.[10]
Having decided that a specialized vehicle would be necessary to support its mobile suits, the EFGF developed the M353A4 Bloodhound, a hover vehicle equipped with an underground sonar, capable of detecting nearby enemies based on the sound they make. The Kojima Battalion received priority deployment of these vehicles, with each MS Team receiving one vehicle.[10]
The EFGF also made use of large land battleships, such as the Big Tray-class, which served as mobile command centers for commanding officers, and the Heavy Fork-class, which was designed to provide fire support.[11] Many of these land battleships participated in Operation Odessa.
[]
Even before the outbreak of the One Year War, the EFF's naval forces were extremely weak and mostly consisted of obsolete ships, most of which were destroyed by Operation British. It received yet another major blow when Zeon forces captured California Base early in the One Year War.[12] A major naval base with submarine production capabilities, California Base housed dozens of submarines in working condition. Due to Zeon's swift attack, Federation forces were not able to destroy them in time, and all of them were captured, allowing Zeon to form its own submarine fleets.[13]
Since the EFF prioritized the production of spaceships, the navy was slow to replenish its strength. Due to the persistent threat of Zeon submarine fleets, its main focus was anti-submarine warfare, with Himalaya-class anti-sub light aircraft carriers and Don Escargot anti-sub attack craft continuously in production. However, their numbers were too few, and Zeon retained command of the sea for most of the war.[12]
In order to counter Zeon's aquatic mobile suits, the Federation developed the RAG-79 Aqua GM. During the One Year War, its performance proved inferior to its Zeon counterparts. However, it would continue to be used long after the end of the war, since the low priority of aquatic mobile suits precluded the development of any successor unit.[14] Following the war, the Federation developed another aquatic mobile suit, the RMS-192M Zaku Mariner, based on the captured MS-06M Zaku Marine Type. However, during the First Neo Zeon War, it was captured and used by Neo Zeon instead.
After the end of the One Year War, the Federation Navy was rebuilt. Realizing that it would cease to exist if it no longer has any enemies to fight, it began ignoring any Zeon remnants still operating in the ocean around the time of the Gryps Conflict, and even secretly provided funds to them to ensure their continued existence.[15]
The Federation would not develop any further aquatic mobile suit until the F90M Gundam F90 Marine Type, which rolled out in U.C. 0111.[16] Even though its performance was considered excellent, it was never refined into a mass-production version, since the Earth Federation government did not believe that conflicts would ever erupt on Earth again.[17]
Earth Federation Air Force[]
In the U.C. 0050s, as the Federation began expanding its military might to space, the purview of the air force also expanded to space. As such, the Federation began developing space fighters (such as the FF-S3 Saberfish), high-altitude fighters (such as the FF-6 TIN Cod), and eventually, general-purpose fighters that can function both in space and on Earth (such as the FF-4 Toriares).[18]
During Zeon's first landing operation in February, U.C. 0079, the Federation Air Force scrambled to intercept Zeon HLVs. However, since Zeon's space fleet dispersed Minovsky Particles at maximum density in the orbit, guided missiles were rendered unusable, and high-altitude fighters were unable to correctly predict the trajectories of the HLVs. In the end, of the over 400 HLVs launched during the operation, only 32 were shot down.[19]
Being a colony-based nation, the Federation believed that Zeon's air force would not be a threat to their own. However, due to the use of Minovsky Particles, aerial battles devolved back into WWII-era dog fights, allowing even Zeon's aerodynamically dubious Dopp fighters to fight on equal footing with the Federation's fighters.[20] Meanwhile, many of the Federation Air Force's weapons were rendered useless: the AF-01 Mongoose, a ground attack plane designed for destroying stationary targets and tanks, proved ineffective against the agile mobile suits;[21] the Dish, an AWACS aircraft, was of limited use under Minovsky Particle interference and was relegated to being a VIP transport.[22]
Despite all of the difficulties, the Federation Air Force fought valiantly against the Zeon forces during the initial stages of the war, as mobile suits lacked flight capabilities and were vulnerable to aerial attacks.[23] However, since Zeon landed on multiple continents at once, they were spread thin and unable to hold the line on their own.[24]
As the tides of war shifted, however, the Federation launched Operation Odessa, the largest Federation counteroffensive during the war, in November. Knowing that Zeon lacked air power, the Federation scrambled every aircraft available, totalling approximately six thousand aircraft.[25] During the battle, Federation pilot Texan Dmitri distinguished himself by shooting down 34 enemy craft, and would go on to become one of the top aces in the Earth Sphere.[26]
Earth Federation Space Force (E.F.S.F.)[]
The Space Force modelled itself after the Navy and drew members from all three existing branches, with naval officers being the most numerous. Admiral Tianem, notably, was a former naval officer.[2]
Titans[]
The Titans were an elite counter-insurgency group formed by the Federation in response to the events of Operation Stardust in 0083. Their sole purpose was to hunt down renegade citizens who either supported the Zeon and their cause or spoke out against the Federation government. Because the Titans were able to operate outside the Federation's jurisdiction, they often used inhumane methods to deal with dissidents, and because widely known for their harsh, unrelenting brutality. However, the Titans eventually turned rogue and allied themselves with Axis Zeon, and following a public reveal at the assembly in Dakar, were disavowed by the Federation Government.
Londo Bell (L.B.)[]
Londo Bell is an affiliated special task force established in U.C. 0090 with no specific jurisdiction, created to replace the Titans.
Earth Colony Asteroid (ECOAS)[]
ECOAS is a special task force established by the Earth Federation Forces in U.C. 0094. It was created as a clandestine group meant to do "wetwork", a.k.a. black-ops-type missions that are off the records. Because of its secretive and independent nature, ECOAS has its own command system, and even Londo Bell has no direct authority over them.
Major Military Bases[]
- Main article: Universal Century Locations
Earth[]
- The headquarters of the Earth Federation Forces prior to and during the One Year War. During the Gryps War, it was destroyed by the Titans using a nuclear bomb.
- Originally a major Federation stronghold, California Base was captured by Zeon during the early stage of the One Year War. It would remain in Zeon hands until its recapture in the last days of the war.
- The location of a Federation naval base which serves as the headquarters for the Federation's North Atlantic Fleet.[27]
- New Guinea
- Kilimanjaro Base
- A massive facility built inside Mount Kilimanjaro, it served as the new Earth-based headquarters for the Titans following the destruction of Jaburo.
- A base located in eastern Australia, the base was seemingly unremarkable and of low strategic value, but actually possessed a secret nuclear storage facility.
- The location of the Earth Federation Forces HQ after August, U.C. 0092. It was destroyed by the drop of Fifth Luna on March 4th, U.C. 0093.[28]
Space[]
- A military base converted from a mining asteroid, Luna II was located in L3, near Side 7. During the opening stages of the One Year War, it became the Federation's only base in space due to its low strategic value and remote location. In U.C. 0093, it also served as a nuclear storage facility.
- Confeito (formerly Solomon)
- An asteroid base captured from Zeon during the One Year War, Confeito served as the frontline base for the attack on A Baoa Qu. In U.C. 0083, a naval review was held here. However, the Delaz Fleet attacked the naval review, destroying half of the ships present in a nuclear attack. However, Confeito itself remained operational after this attack.
- Gate of Zedan (formerly A Baoa Qu)
- The Principality of Zeon's final stronghold during the One Year War. After the end of the war, it was renamed "Gate of Zedan" and moved from its original location in L2 to L3. Together with Luna II, Gryps I, and Gryps II, this area became known collectively as "Gate of Zedan". It was destroyed when the asteroid base Axis was crashed into it, breaking it in two.
- The home base of Zeon's Mobile Assault Force during the war, Granada became a Federation base after the war's end. During the Gryps War, it served as a base of operation for AEUG.
Uniform of E.F.F.[]
Ranks | Uniform | |
---|---|---|
Duty Uniform | Summer Uniform | |
High Officers | ||
Senior Officers | ||
Junior Officers | ||
Non-Commissioned Officer | ||
Crewman and Soldiers |
Rank Insignia[]
During One Year War (U.C. 0079)[]
- Standard uniforms have shoulder patches and collar tabs.
- Space suits have collar tabs only.
- There are two versions of the insignia of the Earth Federation of this period. Version 1 has fewer ranks and does not structurally coincide with the later insignia. Version 2 structurally coincides with chronologically later insignia.
Ranks | Rank Insignia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Version 1 | Version 2 | |||||
Japanese | Space Units | Ground Units | Collar Tabs | Shoulder Patches | Collar Tabs | Shoulder Patches |
High Officers | ||||||
大将 (Taishō) |
Admiral | General | ||||
中将 (Chūjō) |
Vice Admiral | Lieutenant General | ||||
少将 (Junshō) |
Rear Admiral | Major General | ||||
准将 (Shōshō) |
Rear Admiral (lower half) | Brigadier General | - | - | ||
Senior Officers | ||||||
大佐 (Taisa) |
Captain | Colonel | ||||
中佐 (Chūsa) |
Commander | Lieutenant Colonel | ||||
少佐 (Shōsa) |
Lieutenant Commander | Major | ||||
Junior Officers | ||||||
大尉 (Tai-i) |
Lieutenant | Captain | ||||
中尉 (Chūi) |
Lieutenant Junior Grade | First Lieutenant | ||||
少尉 (Shōi) |
Ensign | Second Lieutenant | ||||
准尉 (Shōi) |
Warrant Officer | - | - | |||
Non-Commissioned Officer | ||||||
曹長 (Sōchō) |
Master Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant Major | ||||
軍曹 (Gunsō) |
Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant | ||||
伍長 (Gochō) |
Petty Officer | Corporal | ||||
Crewmen and Soldiers | ||||||
兵長 (Heichō) |
Leading Seaman | Lance Corporal | - | - | ||
上等兵 (Jōtōhei) |
Senior Crewman | Senior Private | ||||
一等兵 (Ittōhei) |
Crewman 1st Class | Private 1st Class | ||||
二等兵 (Nitōhei) |
Crewman 2nd Class | Private 2nd Class |
During Operation Stardust (U.C. 0083)[]
- Standard uniforms were changed to have shoulder patches only. This change was reversed afterwards.
- Space suits have collar tabs only.
Ranks | Rank Insignia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese | Space Units | Ground Units | Collar Tabs | Shoulder Patches | ||||
High Officers | ||||||||
大将 (Taishō) |
Admiral | General | ||||||
中将 (Chūjō) |
Vice Admiral | Lieutenant General | ||||||
少将 (Shōshō) |
Rear Admiral | Major General | ||||||
准将 (Junshōu) |
Commodore | Brigadier General | ||||||
Senior Officers | ||||||||
大佐 (Taisa) |
Captain | Colonel | ||||||
中佐 (Chūsa) |
Commander | Lieutenant Colonel | ||||||
少佐 (Shōsa) |
Lieutenant Commander | Major | ||||||
Junior Officers | ||||||||
大尉 (Tai-i) |
Lieutenant | Captain | ||||||
中尉 (Chūi) |
Lieutenant Junior Grade | First Lieutenant | ||||||
少尉 (Shōi) |
Ensign | Second Lieutenant | ||||||
准尉 (Jun-i) |
Warrant Officer | |||||||
Non-Commissioned Officer | ||||||||
曹長 (Sōchō) |
Master Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant Major | ||||||
軍曹 (Gunsō) |
Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant | ||||||
伍長 (Gochō) |
Petty Officer | Corporal | ||||||
Crewmen and Soldiers | ||||||||
兵長 (Heichō) |
Leading Crewman | Lance Corporal | ||||||
上等兵 (Jōtōhei) |
Senior Crewman | Senior Private | ||||||
一等兵 (Ittōhei) |
Crewman 1st Class | Private 1st Class | ||||||
二等兵 (Nitōhei) |
Crewman 2nd Class | Private 2nd Class |
Gryps War onwards (U.C.0087-)[]
- Standard uniforms have shoulder patches and collar tabs.
- Space suits have collar tabs only.
- Uniforms during the Second Neo Zeon War in 0093 U.C. were changed to have only chevron rank insignia. This change was reversed afterwards.
Ranks | Rank Insignia | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese | Space Units | Ground Units | Collar Tabs | Shoulder Patches | Chevron Patches | |||
High Officers | ||||||||
大将 (Taishō) |
Admiral | General | ||||||
中将 (Chūjō) |
Vice Admiral | Lieutenant General | ||||||
少将 (Shōshō) |
Rear Admiral | Major General | ||||||
准将 (Junshōu) |
Commodore | Brigadier General | ||||||
Senior Officers | ||||||||
大佐 (Taisa) |
Captain | Colonel | ||||||
中佐 (Chūsa) |
Commander | Lieutenant Colonel | ||||||
少佐 (Shōsa) |
Lieutenant Commander | Major | ||||||
Junior Officers | ||||||||
大尉 (Tai-i) |
Lieutenant | Captain | ||||||
中尉 (Chūi) |
Lieutenant Junior Grade | First Lieutenant | ||||||
少尉 (Shōi) |
Ensign | Second Lieutenant | ||||||
准尉 (Jun-i) |
Warrant Officer | |||||||
Non-Commissioned Officer | ||||||||
曹長 (Sōchō) |
Master Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant Major | ||||||
伍長 (Gochō) |
Chief Petty Officer | Sergeant | ||||||
伍長 (Gochō) |
Petty Officer | Corporal | ||||||
Crewmen and Soldiers | ||||||||
兵長 (Heichō) |
Leading Crewman | Lance Corporal | ||||||
上等兵 (Jōtōhei) |
Senior Crewman | Senior Private | ||||||
一等兵 (Ittōhei) |
Crewman 1st Class | Private 1st Class | ||||||
二等兵 (Nitōhei) |
Crewman 2nd Class | Private 2nd Class |
Gallery[]
See also[]
Notes & Trivia[]
- When the franchise was created, the name used was United Nations Troops (U.N.T.), which comprised the UNT Army, UNT Grand (army–navy joint forces) and UNT Spacy (space force). This name was used in Japan until 1998, when the current name was adopted. Since then, all publications and models have used the EFF name, and the acronym U.N.T. has been retconned to "Under Normal Tactical" to prevent confusion in anime series and older model kits.[29] The reason for this change is unknown, but it is speculated to be due to difficulties in securing global copyrights, as the Macross series uses similar terminology.
- The first material to use the "EFSF" moniker was the Perfect Grade model of the RX-78-2 Gundam.
Appearances[]
- Television Series
- Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam
- Episode 1, The Black Gundam
- OVAs and ONAs
- Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket
- Episode 1, How Many Miles to the Battlefield?
- aka "U.N.T. Spacy"
- Episode 1, How Many Miles to the Battlefield?
- Episode 2, Reflections in a Brown Eye
- aka "Federal Forces"
- Episode 2, Reflections in a Brown Eye
- aka "U.N.T. Spacy"
- Episode 3, And at the End of the Rainbow?
- aka "U.N.T. Spacy"
- Episode 3, And at the End of the Rainbow?
- aka "Federal Forces"
- Episode 4, Over the River and Through the Woods
- aka "Federal Forces"
- Episode 4, Over the River and Through the Woods
- aka "U.N.T. Spacy"
- Episode 5, Say it Ain't So, Bernie!
- aka "U.N.T. Spacy"
- Episode 5, Say it Ain't So, Bernie!
- aka "Federal forces"
- Episode 6, War in the Pocket
- aka "Federal Forces"
- Episode 1, How Many Miles to the Battlefield?
- Movies
- Games
References[]
- ↑ (1991-11-01) 機動戦士ガンダム 戦略戦術大図鑑~1年戦争全記録 [Mobile Suit Gundam Big Book of Strategy and Tactics ~ One Year War Complete Collection] ENTERTAINMENT BIBLE.39 (in Japanese). Bandai, p. 20. ISBN 9784891891770.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Gundam Officials (2001), p.486-496
- ↑ MSV-R:The Return of Johnny Ridden, chapter 10
- ↑ MS Igloo - Mission Complete, p.97
- ↑ MS Igloo - Mission Complete, p.81
- ↑ UC Hardgraph Series No.4 E.F.G.F. Anti MS Squad Set instruction manual
- ↑ HGUC Gundam Ground Type Revive instruction manual
- ↑ Master Grade Gundam Ground Type instruction manual
- ↑ HGUC GM Ground Type instruction manual
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 UC Hardgraph Series No.3 E.F.G.F. MS[G] Platoon Briefing Set instruction manual
- ↑ MS Igloo - Mission Complete, p.106
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 MS Encyclopedia NO.15 - Strategy Encyclopedia, p.92
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.15 - Strategy Encyclopedia, p.88
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn - Mechanics & World - ep 4-6, p.56
- ↑ MSV-R:The Return of Johnny Ridden, chapter 37
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam Silhouette Formula - MS Handbook
- ↑ B-Club Vol. 67
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.01, p.72
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.15 - Strategy Encyclopedia, p.61
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.14 - Mechanic Encyclopedia, p.4-5
- ↑ Mobile Suit Variation 3 - Federation Edition, p.106
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam - Ship & Aerospace Plane Encyclopedia - Revised Edition, p.89
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam - Ship & Aerospace Plane Encyclopedia - Revised Edition, p.83
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.15 - Strategy Encyclopedia, p.62
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam - Ship & Aerospace Plane Encyclopedia - Revised Edition, p.84
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam - Ship & Aerospace Plane Encyclopedia - Revised Edition, p.86
- ↑ MS Encyclopedia NO.15 - Strategy Encyclopedia, p.91
- ↑ Mobile Suit Gundam Encyclopedia NO.03 - Axis War, p.57
- ↑ Perfect Grade RX-78-2 Gundam manual, Gundam Officials